Sunday, December 26, 2010

KUTIPAN & DAFTAR PUSTAKA

K U T I P A N

I. PENGERTIAN

Kutipan adalah pinjaman pendapat dari seorang pengarang, baik berupa lisan atau pun tulisan dalam buku, majalah, surat kabar, atau bentuk tulisan lainnya. Kutipan berfungsi sebagai pendukung penulisan makalah.


II. TEKNIK-TEKNIK MENGUTIP

1. Penulis mempertimbangkan bahwa kutipan itu perlu

2. Penulis bertanggung jawab penuh terhadap ketepatan dan ketelitian kutipan

3. Kutipan dapat terkait dengan penemuan teori

4. Jangan terlalu banyak mempergunakan kutipan langsung

5. Penulis mempertimbangkan jenis kutipan, kutipan langsung atau kutipan tidak langsung

6. Perhatikan teknik atau cara penulisan kutipan dan kaitannya dengan sumber rujukan


III. PRINSIP-PRINSIP MENGUTIP

Karena kutipan itu pada hakekatnya adalah pinjaman pendapat seseorang, maka pengutip tidak boleh mengubahnya, baik kata-katanya maupun tekniknya. Bila penulis terpaksa mengadakan perbaikan, misalnya dianggap ada kesalahan, penulis harus member keterangan

Contoh:

‘Tugas bank antara lain adalah memberi pinjam uang.’

Penulis tahu bahwa dalam kalimat itu ada kata yang salah, namun pengutip tidak boleh memperbaikinya.

Cara memperbaikinya :

1. ‘Tugas bank antara lain memberi pinjam [seharusnya, pinjaman, penulis] uang.’

2. ‘Tugas bank antara lain member pinjam [Sic!] uang.’

[Sic!] artinya dikutip sesuai dengan aslinya.

Cara kedua ini lebih umum


Dalam kutipan diperkenankan menghilangkan bagian-bagian kutipan dengan syarat bahwa penghilangan bagian itu tidak menyebabkan perubahan makna.

Caranya :

1. Menghilangkan bagian kutipan yang kurang dari 1 (satu) alinea, bagian yang dihilangkan diganti dengan 3 (tiga) titik berspasi.

2. Menghilangkan bagian kutipan yang lebih dari 1 (satu) alinea, bagian yang dihilangkan diganti dengan titik berspasi sepanjang garis (dari margin kiri sampai ke margin kanan).


IV. JENIS-JENIS KUTIPAN

1. Kutipan langsung

Kutipan langsung adalah kutipan dari buku atau tulisan yang harus sama dengan aslinya baik susunan kata-katanya maupun tanda bacanya. Kutipan yang panjangnya 5 (lima) baris atau lebih, diketik dengan 1 (satu) spasi, dengan mengosongkan lima ketik garis batas atau margin sebelah kiti dengan tidak diberi tanda kutip.

Contoh :

Menurut Sunarto, dalam bukunya berjudul Perpajakan (2002:46), yang dimaksud dengan Objek pajak adalah Penghasilan yaitu setiap tambahan kemampuan ekonomis diterima atau diperoleh wajib pajak, baik yang berasal dari indonesia maupun dari luar indonesia, yang dapat dipakai untuk konsumsi atau untuk menambah kelkayaan wajib pajak ynag bersangkutan , dengan nama dan dalam bentuk apapun.


2. Kutipan tidak langsung

Kutipan tidak langsung adalah kutipan dengan mengambil pendapat atau uraian dari buku atau sumber lain yang penyajiannya dengan menggunakan bahasan sendiri.

Contoh:

Sehingga ada 3 kategori pembagian barang dan jasa menurut hubungannya yaitu barang komplementer, barang subtitusi, dan barang bebas.


V. TEKNIK PENULISAN KUTIPAN

Kurang dari 4 (empat) baris:

1. Langsung dimasukkan kedalam teks

2. Jarak antar baris kutipan 2 (dua) spasi

3. Kutipan diapit dengan tanda kutip

4. Setelah kutipan selesai, berikan tanda kurung, nama penulis, tahun terbit buku, nomor halaman.

Lebih dari 4 (empat) baris:

1. Kutipan dipisahkan dengan teks sejarak 3 (tiga) spasi

2. Jarak antar baris kutipan 1 (satu) spasi

3. Kutipan dimasukkan 5 (lima) sampai 7 (tujuh) ketukkan, sesuai dengan alinea teks pengarang atau pengutip. Bila kutipan dimulai dengan alinea baru, maka baris pertama kutipan dimasukkan lagi 5-7 ketukkan.

4. Kutipan diapit oleh tanda kutip atau tidak diapit tanda kutip. Setelah kutipan selesai, berikan tanda kurung, nama penulis, tahun terbit buku, nomor halaman.


DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Unsur-unsur Daftar Pustaka:

  1. Nama Pengarang
  2. Judul Referensi (buku, artikel)
  3. Data Publikasi; tempat terbit, penerbit, tahun terbit, cetakkan keberapa, nomor jilid, dan jumlah halaman.
  4. Untuk artikel majalah : judul artikel, nama majalah, jilid, nomor, tahun, halaman.
  5. untuk artikel harian : judul artikel, nama harian, hari, tanggal, tahun, halaman.

Beberapa contoh penulisan Daftar Pustaka:

1. Buku
Soekirno, Harimurti ( 2005). Cara Mudah Menginstall Web Server Berbasis Windows Server 2003. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo

2. Majalah
Nasution, Anwar. 1975. “Sistem Moneter Internasional”.Dalam Prisma, Desember, IV. Jakarta.

3. Internet
Hasibuan, Rusli. “Menanam Jengkol di Bukit Kapur.” http://www.duniatani.or.id/riset/rusli/palawija_jengkol.html (diakses tanggal 12 Juni 2003)

4. Makalah
Astuti, Wiwiek Dwi. 2006. Wacana Humor Tertulis: KAjian Tindak Tutur. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa.


5. Jurnal
Dubeck, L. (1990). Science ficPon aids science teaching. Physics
Teacher, 28, 316‐318.

6. Website
Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble‐a1ons review. Retrieved
October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science FicPon Club
Web site: hjp://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/
503r.html

7. Antologi
Kartodirjo, Sartono. 1977. “Metode Penggunaan Dokumen”.Dalam Koentjaraningrat (Ed.). 1980. Metode-metode Penelitian Masyarakat. Jakarta: Gramedia.

Monday, December 20, 2010

CATS & FOOD

How to Give a cat eating
There are two different ways / methods of feeding the cats, namely:
1. food is always available at the cat food dish. So when the cat wants to eat, food is available in its place. This method is good for a small cat (kitten) or cat that is still in its infancy. Be careful because there is the likelihood of overweight / obesity / overweight.
2. feeding is done in 2 or 3 times a day. Usually the food given in the morning and afternoon. This method is good for adult cats who have regular diet. Please note the amount of food provided, as shall be in accordance with their daily needs.
NB: water for drinking cats should always be available at all times.

Type of food: wet (canned) or dry

Dry food (dry food)

Dry food is usually good for a cat. Giving a good dry food for dental health, more durable and generally more nutritious because it contains many extra nutrients.

wet food (canned / wet food)

wet food / canned less well provided for the long term. These foods are usually more of a "junk food" for cats. Also not good for dental health, because it often causes plaque and tartar and nutrient content are less complete. Cats are usually given wet food is usually rather difficult to switch to another type of food especially dry food .

Needs Food By Age & Condition

1. Kitten aged <1> 1 year (adult)
Adult cats weighing about 4-5 kg at least require energy from food is 300 calories. Provide adequate food and balanced nutrition, there are usually written “Complete” or "Balance” food packaging. Try not rabid cat / fed with the same brand continuously. Occasionally need to change brands of food for digestion trained on various types of food. Note also the pH and mineral content food to avoid urinary tract disorders.

3.Kucing pregnant & breastfeeding
At the time of pregnant and breast-feeding mother cats need food with high protein content. When pregnant is usually given to kitten food because of higher protein content. Calcium supplements may be given to the mother who breastfeed their children.

Total Food
Adult cats weighing around 5 kg needs about 300 calories of food energy. Note the calorie content in food packaging, determine the amount of food to meet calorie needs for one day, then divide that amount in accordance with the frequency of meals (2 or 3 times a day).

As another benchmark that can be used, calculated from the weight of the cat. Usually every day cats eat about 2% of their body weight. So when the cat's weight 5 kg, the food takes about 2% x 5 Kg which is about 100 grams / day.

Most Popular Cat Race

Cats are the most beautiful creature in the world. They are the most beloved pets in the household and the environment. Cats, also known as the domestic cat or House cat to distinguish it from other cats and felids, is a small carnivorous mammal that is valued by humans for companionship and its ability to hunt vermin and household pests. Cats have been associated with humans for at least 9,500 years, and currently the most popular cat in the world. when making the decision to have a pet, you first decide the type you want. They are funny, kind, and is considered safe around kids. Actually, cats are the easiest pets to own. Cats are perfect companions. They do not need a lot of owners. They just have to regularly eat. They also need shelter. this is some kind of cat :

1. Persian cat

Persian is a cat with long hair that is marked with a round face and short muzzle. Universal ranked number one of the most popular type because it is very loving and loyal. One of the oldest cat race, he took his name from the place of origin, Persia (Iran). Recognized by the cat fancy since the late 19th century, was developed first by the British, and especially by American farmers after the Second World War. In Britain, it is called an artist or a Persian classical musician. Although the Persians have a high price and need maintenance treatments every day, this is more than offset by the personality, but her hair can be a nightmare to maintain, sometimes growing to 3 inches long! Persian requires a comfortable environment to feel safe.


2. Siamese cat

Siamese is one of the first clearly recognized breeds of Oriental cat. Exact origin of the Siamese is unknown, but believed to have originated from Southeast Asia. Siamese breed standard of the Modern show an elegant, slim, stylish, flexible and muscular body. triangular-shaped head, with thin snout. Almond-shaped eyes and tilted. Short hair, shiny, smooth, soft, tight and adhered to the body. Siamese marked with distinctive color scheme pointy. A Siamese cat always wants to be center of attention. They want to be noticed. Cats are very communicative, yowling in a hoarse voice for attention or just to talk! They tend to be too noisy or cry a lot if you ignore it. They are slender and athletic with big ears. their fur is short and located close to their skin. They love to caress, and very loyal and close to one person. They are very intelligent and loving.


3. The Maine Coon Cat

The Maine Coon accounted for a large bone structure, with a square body shape, and long flowing hair on the body. breeding can be seen in various colors and are known for their intelligence. Maine Coons are one of the biggest races in the country. for male cats average weight of their body weight 12-18 pounds in females are usually 10-14. They are tough, tender and loving with long hair but do not require much grooming as the Persian. kind of personality they will make them very safe with children. One will be a very loyal addition to the family.


4. Abyssinian cat

The Abyssinian is a type of pet cat with ticked coat typical. There are many stories about its origins, often rolling in Egypt, but the actual origins are uncertain. The Abyssinian has become one of the most popular short hair cat breeds in the United States. medium-length coat, dense, and soft to touch. The Abyssinian has a coat that is unusual enough to attract attention. Each hair has a primary color with three or four dark-colored ribbon, hair is a lighter color on the roots, and dark "ticking" color on the end. Abyssinians are very active, busy and funny, and they love people.


5. Ragdoll cat

The Ragdoll is one of the largest domestic cat race with a solid body, frame and proportionately large feet. This cat breed with blue eyes and coat color point different. This is a semi-artist cat big and muscular with a feather soft and smooth. Developed by the controversial American breeder Ann Baker, who is best known as a docile and calm temperament and affectionate nature. The name "Ragdoll"is derived from the tendency of individuals from the original breeding stock limp and relax when picked up. They are very gentle, relaxed and affectionate. They are perfect for any household. They were so tame that can be harmful to them is to go out because they will not defend themselves if they attacked another animal.


6. The Exotic Cat

The Exotic Short hair has a gentle and calm personality reminiscent of the Persians, but more alive than the long-haired ancestors. Want to know and love to play, the cat is friendly towards other cats and dogs. they rarely give voice meows. They do not like to be left alone, and needs the presence of the owner
(or sound or smell that is reminiscent of the masters-such as radio continued). They tend to show more affection and loyalty than most breeds and make excellent lap cats. they are calm and stable nature makes them ideal apartment cats for city dwellers. Nonetheless, Exotics retain some energetic spark of their ancestors and their American Short hair often capable mouse hunters.


7. Savannah Cat

Savannah is considered one of the larger races of domesticated cats. Pasture height and slim build gives the appearance of larger size than their actual weight. This cat is a cross marriage between serval and domestic cat. Savana is generally compared with dogs in their loyalty, and they will follow their owners around the house like a dog. They also can be trained to walk on the rope, and even fetch. Savana reported as very social and friendly with new people and other cats and dogs, while others may run and hide or revert to hissing and growling when seeing a stranger. Exposure to other people and pets are most likely a key factor in the socialization process as the Savannah kitten grows. Savannah did not have the temperament problems that would be associated with basic cat more shy and / or aggressive hybrid. Savannah is very curious, and have been known to get into all sorts of things. They often learn how to open doors and cabinets, Savannah is a cat who is not afraid of the water a lot of people will play or even immerse themselves in water. Some owners even take a bath with their cat Savannah.